Revolutionizing Forensic Science: The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) into forensic science is revolutionizing traditional practices and introducing unprecedented levels of accuracy, efficiency, and reliability across various domains. This review explores the transformative impact of AI and ML on forensic investigations, focusing on key areas such as digital forensics, biometric identification, forensic pathology, chemometrics, and crime scene analysis. AI-driven tools are enhancing the capabilities of forensic professionals by automating complex analyses, improving the precision of evidence interpretation, and providing novel methods for crime scene reconstruction and behavioral analysis. In digital forensics, AI systems adeptly process vast datasets to detect cyber threats, streamline data breach investigations, and enhance malware detection. In biometric identification, AI and ML technologies have significantly improved facial recognition, fingerprint analysis, and voice recognition, making these processes faster and more reliable. The field of forensic pathology has also seen remarkable advancements with the introduction of AI in autopsy reporting, time-of-death estimation, and virtual autopsies, enabling more detailed and accurate post-mortem examinations. Chemometrics, empowered by AI and ML, is transforming the analysis of chemical evidence, such as toxic substances and trace materials, offering forensic scientists advanced tools for handling complex datasets. Additionally, AI-driven crime scene analysis and reconstruction are providing law enforcement agencies with innovative ways to visualize and interpret crime scenes, enhancing the overall efficacy of forensic investigations. Despite these advancements, the adoption of AI and ML in forensic science raises critical ethical considerations, particularly concerning data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the interpretability of automated systems. Ensuring responsible and transparent use of these technologies is essential to maintain the integrity of forensic processes and the pursuit of justice. This review underscores the need for continuous oversight, rigorous validation, and ethical governance as AI and ML continue to reshape the landscape of forensic science.